Getting Started with Linux Operating System

Linux is an open-source operating system based on the Linux kernel which was first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is much like the Unix operating system (closed source) with an Open source codebase.

Introduction

Linux is packaged as the Linux distribution which contains the supporting libraries, system software, and kernel, several of which are offered by the GNU Project. Popular Distributions include Debian, Fedora Linux, and Ubuntu.

Some commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise. While most Linux Distributions use the name “Linux” in the name, the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software in the distribution, causing some controversy.

History of Linux

The Unix operating system was implemented in 1969 at AT&T’s Bell laboratory in the united states by brilliant minds – Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas Mcllroy, and Joe Ossanna. Unix was first released in 1971 and was written entirely in assembly language which was common practice at the time. In 1973, Unix was rewritten in the high-level programming language C by Dennis Ritchie. This made Unix porting easier for different computer platforms.

By the 1980s, people loved Unix but wanted more freedom to use and change it. That’s when Richard Stallman started the GNU Project in 1983. He had the goal of creating a “complete Unix-compatible software system” composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984. Later in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU GPL (General Purpose License) in 1989.

By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a command-line shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel, called GNU Hurd, were stalled and incomplete.

In the 1990s, Linus Torvalds took a Unix class while at the University of Helsinki. The class used a MicroVAX computer running Ultrix, and one of the textbooks introduced him to the MINIX operating system by Andrews S. Tanenbaum. This sparked his interest in operating systems, and in 1991, he began to work on his own kernel, which later became the Linux Kernel.

Initially, Torvalds developed the Linux kernel on the MINIX system, using software designed for MINIX. As Linux evolved, its development shifted to Linux-based systems. The GNU applications replaced all MINIX components, as using free code from the GNU Project made sense for the new operating system. The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) allowed this code to be reused in other programs if they were also released under compatible licenses.

Torvalds transitioned from his original license, which prevented commercial distribution, to the GNU GPL. Developers collaborated to integrate GNU elements with the Linux Kernel, creating a free and fully functional operating system. This combination marked the birth of an open-source operating system that would go on to shape the world of technology.

Application of Linux

Linux is a versatile operating system that finds its application in a wide range of areas. Here are some key uses of Linux:

1. Server Systems: Linux is a powerhouse for server environments. It’s known for its stability, security, and performance. Many websites, cloud services, and data centers run on Linux-based servers.
2. Web Hosting: A significant portion of websites and web applications are hosted on Linux servers. Popular web server software like Apache and Nginx are often run on Linux systems.
3. Cloud Computing: Major cloud providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and Microsoft Azure offer Linux-based virtual machines for various computing needs.
4. Networking: Linux is widely used in networking infrastructure, from routers and firewalls to switches and load balancers.
5. Scientific Research: Linux’s flexibility and robustness make it a favorite in scientific research, where high-performance computing and custom software requirements are common.
6. Supercomputing: Many of the world’s supercomputers run on Linux due to its scalability, ability to manage complex tasks, and efficient resource utilization.
7. Embedded Systems: Linux is used in embedded devices like smart TVs, routers, IoT devices, and industrial machines, providing a stable platform for various applications.
8. Software Development: Linux is a go-to platform for software developers. It offers a rich ecosystem of development tools, programming languages, and libraries.
9. Education: Linux’s open nature makes it an excellent choice for educational institutions. Students can learn about operating systems, coding, and system administration without any licensing costs.
10. Desktop Systems: While not as dominant as in other areas, Linux has gained popularity as a desktop operating system. Distros like Ubuntu and Linux Mint offer user-friendly interfaces and a wide range of software.
11. Media Servers and Streaming: Linux can be used to set up media servers, stream music or videos, and manage media libraries.
12. Security and Privacy: Linux is often chosen for its robust security features and the ability to customize security settings according to specific needs.
13. Containers and Virtualization: Linux is the foundation for many containerization and virtualization technologies like Docker and Kubernetes, allowing efficient deployment and management of applications.
14. Gaming: While historically less common, Linux gaming has been growing with improved support from game developers, platforms like Steam for Linux, and dedicated gaming distributions like SteamOS.
15. Education and Learning: Linux is an ideal platform for learning about computers, programming, and system administration due to its openness and extensive resources available online.

Current development

The lead maintainer of the Linux Kernel is Greg Kroah-Hartman who guides its development. The e executive director for the Free Software Foundation is William John Sullivan, which in turn supported the GNU components. Corporations and individuals finally develop non-GNU third-party components.

The third-party components are composed of a wide body of work and may contain both user libraries and applications, and kernel modules. Linux community and vendors distribute and combine the kernel, non-GNU components, and GNU components with extra package management software in the fashion of Linux distributions.

Popular Distributions

Linux comes in various “distributions,” often referred to as “distros,” which are different versions of the operating system tailored to specific needs. Here are some popular Linux distributions and their common uses:

1. Ubuntu:
   • Common Use: Ubuntu is one of the most well-known Linux distros and is often used as a general-purpose desktop operating system. It’s user-friendly, comes with a wide range of software, and offers regular updates.
2. Linux Mint:
   • Common Use: Similar to Ubuntu, Linux Mint is designed for ease of use and provides a user-friendly environment. It’s a popular choice for users transitioning from other operating systems.
3. Debian:
   • Common Use: Debian is known for its stability and is used both as a desktop and server OS. It forms the basis for many other distributions, including Ubuntu.
4. Fedora:
   • Common Use: Fedora is known for its bleeding-edge features and technologies. It’s often used by tech enthusiasts, developers, and those who want to stay at the forefront of software advancements.
5. CentOS:
   • Common Use: CentOS is a community-supported version of the commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). It’s widely used in server environments, especially for its stability and security features.
6. Arch Linux:
   • Common Use: Arch Linux is favored by advanced users who want to build a custom system from the ground up. It’s known for its minimalistic approach and do-it-yourself philosophy.
7. openSUSE:
   • Common Use: openSUSE is suitable for both desktop and server environments. It offers a choice between the stable “Leap” version and the rolling-release “Tumbleweed” version for those who want the latest updates.
8. Kali Linux:
   • Common Use: Kali Linux is designed for cybersecurity professionals, ethical hackers, and penetration testers. It comes pre-loaded with tools for security testing and analysis.
9. Elementary OS:
   • Common Use: Elementary OS provides a clean and elegant desktop environment, making it a popular choice for users who want a simple and visually appealing experience.
10. Raspberry Pi OS:
    • Common Use: Designed for the Raspberry Pi single-board computers, this distro is used in projects ranging from DIY electronics to educational tools.
11. Manjaro:
    • Common Use: Manjaro is a user-friendly Arch-based distro, combining the benefits of Arch’s customization with an easier installation process.
12. Zorin OS:
    • Common Use: Zorin OS is designed for users transitioning from other operating systems like Windows. It offers a familiar interface and compatibility with Windows software.

Conclusion

Linux has evolved into a robust and versatile operating system that has revolutionized the way we interact with technology. Its creation was born out of a need for an alternative to proprietary systems, offering individuals the freedom to explore, modify, and distribute their own computing experiences.

Linux’s journey, from Linus Torvalds’ initial kernel development to the vast ecosystem of distributions and applications today, showcases the strength of a global community united by a common purpose. It has found its place in various domains, from servers and scientific research to embedded systems and gaming, offering adaptability and performance at every turn.